The History of Nigeria

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Early expeditions 0-100

Between 50 AD and 90 AD, Roman explorers undertook three expeditions to the area

Early States 100-1500

With the spread of Islam in the 600s, the area became known as Sudan.
Kanem became an empire in the Lake Chad Basin in the 9th century, adopting Islam in the 11th.
Hausa city states existed in Northern Nigeria since the 11th century, they made tributes to large empires such as Kanem.
The Oyo Emprire emerged as a dominant force among the Yoruba states around the 13th century, as well as the Benin Kingdom in the Niger Delta region, around the same time
In the 14th Century the rulers of Hausaland were Muslim, however the majority of the population did not convert until the 18th century.
There was a civil war in the 14th century that led to the independence of Bornu from the Kanem Empire
After Mali collapsed (1460s) a local leader, Sonni Ali, founded the Songhai Empire in the Nigerian region.
Sonni Ali conquered Timbuktu (1468) and Djenne (1473)
Askia Muhammed Ture succeeded Sonni Ali and made Islam the official religion
The first European encounter happened around 1427 as the Portugese landed on the coast.

European Contact (1500 – 1900)

Throughout the 1500s, most of nothern Nigeria paid homage to the Songhai Empire or their rivals the Borno Empire in the east.
The Portugese began to trade European products, especially weapons, for ivory, palm oil and slaves
The first English expedition landed in Benin in 1553, they began anchoring just off the coast regularly to conduct business
The western coast of Nigeria became the Slavery Coast
The most prolific slave-trading kingdoms were the Edo Empire of Benin, the Oyo Empire the Aro Confederacy
Usman dan Fodio led a successful jihad against the Hausa kingdoms in the 1804 – 1808 and founded the capital Caliphate Sokoto.

Modern Nigeria (1900 – )

Early 1900s,British colonisation consolidates control over Nigeria through various treaties and in 1914 the Northern and Southern Protectorates are merged to form Nigeria
Nigeria gained independance from Britain in 1960. This led to a period of political instability. The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970 led to military rule
In 1999 Presifent Olusegun Obasanjo was elected and Nigeria moved back to civilian rule